THE Constitution Of India : Parts, Schedules, Sources, Features of the Indian Constitution

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The Constitution of India, adopted on January 26, 1950, is the supreme law of the land and lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. Drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was formed under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, the Constitution is the world's longest written constitution, consisting of a preamble, 470 articles, 12 schedules, and 104 amendments to date.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, often referred to as the principal architect of the Indian Constitution, chaired the Drafting Committee. The drafting process took approximately three years and involved extensive debate and consultation. The Assembly drew on diverse sources for inspiration, incorporating elements from various constitutions worldwide to address India's unique social, economic, and political challenges.
Key features of the Indian Constitution include its federal structure with a strong unitary bias, the separation of powers among the executive, legislature, and judiciary, and the inclusion of fundamental rights and directive principles. The Constitution establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic, ensuring justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for its citizens.
Fundamental Rights, enshrined in Part III of the Constitution, guarantee civil liberties to all citizens, protecting them from state encroachment. These include the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies, among others. Part IV outlines the Directive Principles of State Policy, guiding the government in making policies aimed at establishing a just society. While not justiciable, these principles are considered fundamental in the governance of the country.

The Constitution's adaptability is evident from its amendment process, allowing changes to address contemporary issues while maintaining its core values. Landmark amendments include the 42nd Amendment, which reinforced the idea of socialism and secularism, and the 73rd and 74th Amendments, which strengthened local self-governance through Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies. India's Constitution also establishes an independent judiciary with the power of judicial review to uphold the rule of law and protect constitutional rights. The Supreme Court of India stands at the apex of this judicial system.

Overall, the Indian Constitution is a living document that has evolved with the nation's changing needs and aspirations, reflecting the vision of its framers to build a democratic, inclusive, and progressive society.

Parts of Indian Constitution: 

List Of Parts with relevant Articles of Indian Constitution:  

Part 1 - The Union and Its Territory-------------------------------------------------------------Article 1 to 4 

Part 2 - Citizenship--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 5 to 11 

Part 3 - Fundamental Rights---------------------------------------------------------------------Article 12 to 35 

Part 4 - Directive Principles of state policy----------------------------------------------------Article 36 to 51

 

Part 4A- Fundamental Duties--------------------------------------------------------------------Article 51-A 

Part 5 - The Union Government-----------------------------------------------------------------Article 52 to 151

 

Part 6 - The State Governments----------------------------------------------------------------Article 152 to 237

 

Part 7 - The States in Part B of the First Schedule (Deleted)--------------------------- Article 238(Deleted)

 

Part 8 - The Union Territories------------------------------------------------------------------Article 239 to 242

Part 9 -  The Panchayats-----------------------------------------------------------------------Article 243 to 243-0

Part 9A- The Municipalities---------------------------------------------------------------Article 243P to 243ZG

 

Part 9B- The Co-operative Societies----------------------------------------------------Article 243ZH to 243ZT

Part 10 - The Scheduled and Tribal Areas------------------------------------------Article 244 to Article 244A

Part 11 - Relations Between the Union and the States--------------------------------------Article 245 to 263

Part 12 - Finance, Property , Contracts and Suit------------------------------------------Article 264 to 300A 

Part 13 - Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India---------------Article 301 to 307

 

Part 14 - Services under the Union and the States-------------------------------------------Article 308 to 323

Part 14 A - Tribunals ------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 323A to 323 B

Part 15 - Elections----------------------------------------------------------------------------Article 324 to 329A 

Part 16 - Special Provisions relating to certain classes-----------------------------------Article 330 to 342A

Part 17 - Official Language-----------------------------------------------------------------Article 343 to 351 A 

Part 18 - Emergency Provisions------------------------------------------------------------Article 352 to 360 

Part 19 - Miscellaneous----------------------------------------------------------------------Article 361 to 367

Part 20 - Amendments of the constitution---------------------------------------------------------Article 368 

Part 21 - Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions---------------------------------Article 369 to 392 

Part 22 - Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals---------Article 393 to 395

List of Schedules of Indian Constitution 

These are the list Of Schedules on Indian Constitution, it's important for Government Exams like UPSC, SSC, Judiciary etc.

First Schedule: 

1. Names of the States and their Territorial Jurisdiction.

2. Names of Union Territories and their extent 

Second Schedules: 

Provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, privileges and so 50.65,75,95,125,148,158,164,186 and 221 on of: 

1. The President of India 
2. The Governors of State 
3. The Speaker and the deputy speaker of the Lok Sabha
4. The Chairman and the deputy chairman of the Rajya Sabha 
5. The Speaker and the deputy speaker of the Legislative Assembly in the states 
6. The Chairman and the deputy chairman of the Legislative Council in the states
7. The Judge of the Supreme Court 
8. The Judges of the High Courts 
9. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

    

  Third Schedule: 

Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for: 

1. The Union ministers
2. The candidates for elections of the parliament 
3. The members of Parliament 
4. The Judges of the Supreme Court 
5. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India 
6. The State Ministers 
7. The Candidates for election to state legislature 
8. The Members for the State legislature 
9. The Judge of the High Courts

Fourth Schedule:

Allocation Of Seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and the union territories. 

Fifth Schedule:

Provisions relating to the administration and control of scheduled area and Scheduled Tribes. 

Sixth Schedule:

Provisions relating to the administration of tribal area in the states of Assam Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. 

Seventh Schedule:

Division of powers between the Union and the States in terms of List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List III (Concurrent List). Presently, the union List contains 98 subjects (originally 97), the states List contains 59 subjects(Originally 66) and Concurrent lust contains 52 Subjects(Originally 47)

Eighth Schedule

Languages recognized by the Constitution, Originally, it had 14 languages but presently there are 22 Languages. They are: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujrati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. 

Ninth Schedule 

Acts and Regulations(Originally 13 but presently 282) of the state legislatures delaing with land reforms and abolition of the zamindari system and of the parliament dealing with other matters . This Schedule was added by the 1st Amendment(1951) to protect the laws included in it from judicial scrutiny on the Ground of violation of fundamental rights. 

Tenth Schedule 

Provisions relating to disqualification of members of Parliament and state legislatures on the ground of defection. This Schedule was added by 52nd Amendment Act 1985, also known as Anti-Defection Law.

Eleventh Schedule

Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of panchayats. It has 29 Matters. This Schedule was added by 73rd Amendment Act 1992. 

Twelfth Schedule

Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters. This Schedule was added by 74th Amendment Act of 1992. 

Sources of Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India, enacted by the Constituent Assembly, incorporates provisions derived from various constitutions around the world. Let's Understand the Sources of Indian Constitution:

1. Government of India Act of 1955 -  Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Public service Commissions, Emergency provisions and administrative details. 
2. British Constitution - Parliamentary Government, Rule of Law, Legislative Procedure, Single citizenship, cabinet system, prerogative writs, parliamentary privileges and bicameralism.
3. US Constitution - Fundamental Rights, Independence of Judiciary, Judicial review, Impeachment of the president, removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges and post of vice- president. 
4. Irish Constitution - Directive Principles of state policy, nomination of members to Rajya Sbha and method of election of president. 
5. Canadian Constitution - Federation with a strong center, Vesting of residuary powers in the center, appointment of state governors by the center and advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. 
6. Australian Constitution - Concurrent List, Freedom of trade, Commerce and inter-course, and joint sitting of the two houses of parliament. 
7. Weimer Constitution of Germany- Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency. 
8. Soviet Constitution(USSR, now Russia) - Fundamental duties and the ideals of justice(social, economic and political) in preamble. 
9. French Constitution - Republic and the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble. 
10. South Africa Constitution - Procedure for amendment of the constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha. 
11. Japanese Constitution - Procedure established by Law.

Key Features: 

Here, are few key features of Indian Constitution in Pointers for revision:

• Lengthiest Written Constitution
• Drawn from Various Sources
• Integrated and Independent Judicial system 
• Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility
• Federal system with Unitary Bias 
• Parliamentary for of Government
• Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial supremacy. 
• Fundamental Rights 
• Universal Adult Franchise 
• A secular State 
• Fundamental Duties
• Single Citizenship 
• Independent Bodies 
• Three-Tier Government
• Emergency Provisions 
• Co-operative societies

(Note: These are the key features of Indian Constitution in Pointers for revision purpose only, if you want detailed article on each features with complete Explanation, do comment below or visit LegalKhabar.online ) 

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Abhay Yadav

Noida